"Stereotype threat, in contrast, refers to the
strictly situational threat of negative stereotypes, the threat that
does not depend on cuing an internalized anxiety or expectancy. It
is cued by the mere recognition that a negative group stereotype
could apply to oneself in a given situation. How threatening this
recognition becomes depends on the person's identification with the
stereotype-relevant domain. For the domain identified, the
situational relevance of the stereotype is threatening because it
threatens diminishment in a domain that is self-definitional. For
the less domain identified, this recognition is less threatening or
not threatening at all, because it threatens something that is less
self-definitional.
Stereotype threat, then, as a situational pressure "in the air"
so to speak, affects only a sub-portion of the stereotyped group and,
in the area of schooling, probably affects confident students more
than unconfident ones. Recall that to be identified with schooling
in general, or math in particular, one must have confidence in one's
domain-related abilities, enough to perceive good prospects in the
domain. This means that stereotype threat should have its greatest
effect on the better, more confident students in stereotyped groups,
those who have not internalized the group stereotype to the point of
doubting their own ability and have thus remained identified with
the domain-those who are in the academic vanguard of their group."
|
AIDS-related stigma among adolescents |
The primary
goal of this study is to examine and determine factors
influencing stigmatization and discrimination among adolescents
towards people living with HIV/AIDS in Botswana. |
Pdf 75 kb |
|
An analysis of the policies, pronouncements and programmes on
HIV-related stigma and discrimination in Nigeria |
The
international community had long recognized the limiting effect
of HIV-related stigma and discrimination on the control of
HIV/AIDS. It is known to undermine the ability of individuals,
families and societies to protect themselves and provide support
and reassurance to those affected |
|
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An Investigation of
HIV Knowledge and Self-Perceptions of Behavior |
At present, young adults and college students are
at a substantial risk for contracting HIV/AIDS. Some college
students often perceive personal autonomy as freedom from their
family of origin and lack of responsibility. Many experiment
with alcohol and drugs, and this behavior can increase HIV risk
factors. A large number of students do not accurately perceive
their risk of infection and remain unaware of the seriousness of
the HIV/AIDS epidemic |
|
|
Aspects of Stigma |
Until we can
define what we are dealing with when we talk of stigma and
discrimination we may not be able to do anything very much. |
|
|
Closing the inequality gap in access to primary health care for
women living with Hepatitis C |
One of the
major challenges facing women diagnosed with hepatitis C is
overcoming the stigma attached to this illness which frequently
acts as a barrier to appropriate and timely primary health care. |
|
|
Consequence
of Stigma |
The impact of
stigma on the affected individual can lead to feelings of
depression, guilt and shame, as well as to behaviour that limits
participation within communities and access to services intended
to assist them. Additionally, the fear of being stigmatised can
lead to individual behaviour that heightens the risk of
transmission. |
|
|
COPING MECHANISMS OF THE STIGMATIZED: METHODS OF PROTECTING
SELF-WORTH |
Stigmatized
person possesses and exhibits an attribute that conveys a
devalued personal and social identity within a particular social
context . Stigmatized individuals are commonly the targets of
stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination face social
rejection, and perceive considerable threat from the
nonstigmatized or outgroup |
|
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DISABILITY AWARENESS AND CHANGING ATTITUDES
|
Public
attitudes toward disability are often the greatest barrier for
people with disabilities. Since the publication of the reference
bibliography "Attitudes toward Handicapped People, Past and
Present" in 1984, however, the emphasis in the literature on
disability has been shifting from a focus on differentness and
limitation to a focus on abilities and potential. |
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Don’t treat me like I have leprosy |
We all have
prejudices. Even the most fair-minded of us will at times
harbour irrational stereotypes of people who are in some way
different. |
422 kb pdf |
|
Evolved Disease-Avoidance Processes and Contemporary Anti-social
Behavior: Prejudicial attitudes and avoidance of People with
Physical Disabilities |
Drawing on
evolutionary psychological logic, we describe a model that links
evolved mechanisms of disease-avoidance to contemporary
prejudices against individuals with physical disabilities.
Because contagious diseases were often accompanied by anomalous
physical features, humans plausibly evolved psychological
mechanisms that respond heuristically to the perception of these
features, triggering specific emotions (disgust, anxiety),
cognitions (negative attitudes), and behaviours (avoidance). |
136kb pdf |
|
Fighting
Stigma |
There are many ways we all can fight stigma. The simplest way is to
"come out of the closet" and present "positive visibility" in the
community and the media. Positive visibility is loosely translated as
"your best foot forward." When you let people in your community know
that you, who have been leading a blameless life right next door, have a
mental illness, it will make them question and (we hope) ultimately
reject the stigmatizing myths. |
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HIV/AIDS-related Stigma and Discrimination: A Conceptual
Framework and an Agenda for Actions—Horizon Report
|
Jonathan Mann
identified three phases of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: the epidemic
of HIV, the epidemic of AIDS, and the epidemic of stigma,
discrimination, and denial |
511 kb pdf
|
|
Illness, Stigma and AIDS |
Imagine a
disease that arouses great fear throughout the United States,
especially in New York and other large cities where it is
rampant. Imagine that the disease has no cure and is fatal to
most people who manifest its symptoms. Physicians prescribe a
variety of treatments but with little success |
Pdf 119 kb |
|
Interventions: Research on Reducing Stigma
|
The term
stigma has many associations and implications rooted in history,
social science, and public health, but the historical concept of
physical stigmata and the sociological framework of deviance and
social interactions fall short of research needs for guiding
desirable public health interventions to reduce stigma. For
that, a working definition of stigma is required that recognizes
the distinctive features of particular diseases and particular
social and cultural contexts. Research needs include documenting
the burden from the stigma of various health problems; comparing
both the magnitude and character of stigma for different
conditions and in different social and cultural settings;
identifying distinctive features of stigma that may guide
intervention programs; and evaluating changes in the magnitude
and character of stigma over time and in response to
interventions and social changes. |
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Out of sight and out of mind
|
Stigma is
probably the biggest barrier to combating the HIV epidemic -
creating and supporting an environment that fosters new
infections, reluctance to testing and disclosing status and
reluctance to access treatment, care and support, subsequently
impacting at both an individual and societal level. |
|
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Overcoming the stigma of chronic illness-Strategies for
‘straightening out’ a spoiled identity |
This paper
addresses the concept of chronic illness as a socially
constructed experience of stigma. The stigma of having a
chronic illness affects the person’s self-concept,
capacity to adapt to the illness and the quality of
his/her social networks. Social stigma is a
de-legitimizing social process derived from both popular
and medical views of chronic illness. Based on research
into the coping strategies of a range of people with
long-term, serious chronic illnesses, the paper argues
that Government health policies and services in Australia
can best help people with chronic illness by supporting
their self-help groups and community-based activities.
|
106 kb
pdf |
|
Polarization: Concepts. Measurement, Estimation
|
There has
been a recent upsurge of interest in the measurement of
polarization and in the use of such measures as a correlate of
different aspects of socioeconomic performance. |
445 kb pdf
|
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Positive Stigma: Examining Resilience and Empowerment in
Overcoming Stigma
|
Considering the weight of the consequences associated with
stigma, stigma research has understandably focused on the
detrimental effects of stigmatization, paying attention to how
stigmatized individuals are devalued, exposed to prejudices, and
negatively stereotyped (Crocker and Quinn 2000). As a result,
this body of work paints a grim picture suggesting that targets
of stigma are doomed to lives of rejection, despair, and
failure. |
Pdf 71 kb |
|
Prejudice from Thin Air: The effect
of Emotion on Automatic Intergroup Attitudes |
Two
experiments provide initial evidence that specific emotional
states are capable of creating automatic prejudice toward
outgroups. Specifically, we propose that anger should influence
automatic evaluations of outgroups because of its functional
relevance to intergroup conflict and competition, whereas other
negative emotions less relevant to intergroup relations should
not. |
162 kb pdf |
|
Social Stigma-A comparative qualitative study of integrated and
vertical care approaches to leprosy |
Leprosy has
been associated with stigma and social exclusion throughout
history and on all continents, although there are wide
variations in the ways in which this is worked out in different
communities. Stigma can be defined as an attribute that is
deeply discrediting, and the stigmatized individual is one who
is not accepted and is not accorded the respect and regard of
his peers; one who is disqualified from social acceptance |
Pdf 78 kb |
|
Stigma |
What
constitutes stigma? |
Pdf 107 kb |
|
Television and the Press: Purveyors of Prejudice or Slayers of
Stigma? |
"Stigma is
the single most serious obstacle to progress in the field of
psychiatry". This is not the impulsive outburst of some
misguided crank |
|
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The Language Of Disability: Problems Of Politics And Practice |
Language. .
.has as much to do with the philosophical and political
conditioning of a society as geography or climate. . .people do
not realise the extent to which their attitudes have been
conditioned since early childhood by the power of words to
ennoble or condemn, augment or detract, glorify or demean.
Negative language inflicts the subconscious of most people from
the time they first learn to speak. Prejudice is not merely
imparted or superimposed. It is metabolised in the bloodstream
of society. |
|
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The Normal
and the Abnormal--Historical and cultural perspectives on norms
and deviations
|
Several
different articles concerning this topic |
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The tendency to stigmatise |
This time-honoured
propensity has probably served humankind and its
ancestors well in the service of species and related
personal survival. Such biological mechanisms as those
subserving immediate survival, the quest for food,
reproduction and related territorial needs are
presumably its foundation. Moreover, the crudity of
categorisation and labelling of related perceived
possible threats needs, constitutionally, to be safely
over-inclusive, before juggling the consequent
options of relating to, coming to dominate, fleeing
from or ignoring the source |
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Understanding and Challenging HIV Stigma-a toolkit |
The
Toolkit is a resource collection of participatory educational
exercises for use in raising awareness and promoting action to
challenge HIV stigma |
99 kb pdf |
|
When Family Members just can't Understand |
There are
probably few things in life that are more hurtful than being
rejected by family members when we need them most.
Unfortunately, many patients find that a diagnosis of hepatitis
C not only causes friends to scatter, but also contributes to
some families literally splitting apart |
|
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Yes,
you're positive, but there's nothing we can do for you |
HIV is
intrinsically linked to poverty and to inequalities of all kinds
- social, economic and gender. However, awareness and other
preventive programmes do not address inequities that are
intrinsic to the problem. The married woman is unable to refuse
her husband unprotected sex. The commercial sex worker will not
insist on her client using a condom if he threatens to go
elsewhere. The national HIV programme fails to take into
inequities into account. |
|
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